Many people ask, what is myeloma, especially when first hearing about blood cancers. Myeloma, also known as multiple myeloma, is a type of blood cancer. It affects plasma cells, which are a kind of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. These cells play a key role in making antibodies that help fight infection.
When these plasma cells become cancerous, they multiply abnormally. This can crowd out healthy blood cells and affect bone marrow function. People with myeloma often experience bone pain, fatigue, frequent infections, and kidney issues. In some cases, the condition can be discovered only after a routine blood test.
Although it is considered a rare cancer, myeloma is the second most common blood cancer after lymphoma. The condition is more likely to affect adults over 60, but it can occur at younger ages too.
How myeloma affects the body
To understand what is myeloma, it is helpful to look at how it impacts the body. Cancerous plasma cells produce abnormal proteins known as monoclonal proteins or M-proteins. These proteins build up in the body and can damage organs, especially the kidneys. They may also cause thickened blood, making it harder for organs to function properly.
In addition, the cancer cells can create holes or lesions in bones. This leads to weakened bones and fractures, even without injury. People with myeloma are also more prone to anaemia, because the production of healthy red blood cells is reduced.
Common symptoms and diagnosis
Symptoms can be mild or severe and often overlap with other conditions. Common signs include:
- Persistent bone pain, especially in the back or ribs
- Frequent infections due to reduced immunity
- Fatigue and weakness
- Unexplained weight loss
- Numbness or tingling (nerve-related symptoms)
Because early symptoms may not be obvious, many people are diagnosed after blood tests show high calcium levels or kidney function issues. A combination of blood tests, urine tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging is used to confirm a diagnosis.
Is myeloma the same as lymphoma?
No, myeloma and lymphoma are different types of blood cancers. While myeloma starts in plasma cells in the bone marrow, lymphoma begins in lymphocytes, another kind of white blood cell. Lymphocytes are found in the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
Both diseases affect the immune system and require medical treatment, but their behaviour and progression differ. Lymphoma tends to form tumours in the lymph nodes, while myeloma is often spread across several parts of the bone marrow.
In some rare cases, a person may be diagnosed with both myeloma and lymphoma. Though rare, such cases require specialised treatment and constant monitoring.
Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of myeloma is still not fully understood. However, researchers have identified several factors that may increase the risk:
- Ageing: Most patients are over 60
- Gender: Men are slightly more affected
- Family history of blood cancers
- Exposure to certain chemicals or radiation
- Obesity and chronic inflammation
Some studies also suggest that certain infections may play a role. More research is needed to understand the link fully.
Can myeloma be treated?
Myeloma cannot be cured, but it can be managed. Treatments aim to slow the disease, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life. Common treatments include:
- Chemotherapy and targeted therapies
- Steroids to control inflammation
- Immunotherapy to strengthen the immune system
- Stem cell transplants in suitable patients
- Bone-strengthening medicines
Patients need regular monitoring even when symptoms reduce. This helps detect relapses early and adapt the treatment plan accordingly.
Living with myeloma
Managing daily life with myeloma requires adjustments. It is important to maintain a balanced diet, stay active within limits, and get regular medical follow-ups. Mental health support also plays a key role, especially during long treatment periods.
Some patients join support groups or seek counselling, which can be beneficial. Learning more about the illness helps people make informed decisions about their care.
If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with myeloma or lymphoma, consulting a haematologist is essential. They can guide you on personalised treatment based on your condition and stage of disease.
Conclusion
Understanding myeloma helps demystify a complex condition that many people know little about. Although it cannot be cured, timely detection and treatment make it possible to manage symptoms and lead a meaningful life. Awareness, education, and regular health checks can all make a difference.
If you notice any signs that worry you or have a family history of lymphoma or other blood cancers, speak with your doctor. Early action is always better than delay.
